This review examines the impacts of reactive nitrogen on the environment, human health and economies from local to global scales. About 40% of the human population depends upon food production made possible by synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Combustion of fossil fuels adds more reactive nitrogen to air, water and soil. This distortion of the global nitrogen cycle, while raising agricultural yields, causes degradation of water and air quality, biodiversity, ecosystem services and human health. Meanwhile, reactive nitrogen deficiencies on farmland inmany developing countries continue. to create economic and health hardships, and accelerate land degradation.

This document encourages farmers, extension agencies, researchers, policy-makers and other other stakeholders form the region to examine environmentally sustainable techniques when considering the replacement of methyl bromide. It addresses both chemical and non-chemical alternatives across the spectrum of uses in CEITs, and it includes analyses of associated costs and the applicability of technologies to the region.