This CD-ROM illustrates the vital role that local knowledge plays in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem function in semi-arid rangelands. The activities of an FAO project that promotes biodiversity conservation I the Syrian Arab Republic are described in detail. The project has supported the development of the first nature reserve in the country, undertaken rangeland rehabilitation activities, provided extension services to local communities, provided extension services to local communities, and strengthened conservation education and awareness raising among decision-makers and civil society.